"Colombia sera probablemente uno de los últimos países de la región en adoptar el esquema de tasa de cambio nominal fijo: se trata de una economía cerrada, afectada por shocks asimétricos de producto y de política económica, y no muy integrada con la economía de los Estados Unidos. El nivel de dolarización de facto del sistema financiero es bajo, la flexibilidad laboral mínima, y el pass-througth cambiario bajo, al ...

"In the 1990 s descentralization in Colombia, a process which had begun a decade earlier, was sharply accelerated. The percentage of current Central Government revenues that are automatically transferred to the regional ...

Descentralization has meny benefits, but it can also weaken fiscal discipline, specifically, expectations on the possibility of a bailout by central government create incentives for fiscal misbehavior, fiscal discipline does not pay because it carries a smaller expected bailout. In Colombia the substantial transfer form the central government to the sub-regions created structural expenditure pressures and irresponsible ...